For AC mains-powered equipment, it’s common practice to use a modular AC line filter fitted either integral to a connector or as a chassis mount part, particularly in professional environments such as industrial, healthcare, and ITE. The equipment typically includes an embedded AC-DC converter, or power supply, which might also be chassis-mount or sometimes rack- or PCB-mounted. In each case, the power supply will invariably meet the statutory requirements for emissions as a stand-alone part, typically EN55011/EN55032 for conducted and radiated interference. But additional filtering may still be necessary.
Seasoned equipment designers have long known that an EMC compliance ‘pass’ on an end-product is not guaranteed by simply using compliant components. The reasons are various. Compliance tests on an equipment AC-DC converter, for example, are performed under very specific conditions of assumed AC line impedance, output loading, length and routing of cables, and position of the part with respect to ground. When an end product is tested with this AC-DC converter fitted internally, all of these conditions vary, leading to a different and often worse conducted EMI signature. Radiated EMI from other components can also be picked up on power cabling, adding to conducted levels.
Modular filters can enable system EMI compliance
An external modular filter can be the solution but, with hundreds to choose from, which is optimum? Let’s first look at the internal circuit of a typical commercial filter and consider how each component contributes (Figure 1).
Figure 1 This typical modular EMI filter uses the CX capacitors to attenuate differential mode noise, and an inductor-capacitor combination to reduce common mode noise.
Capacitor CX attenuates differential mode noise, signals, and spikes that appear from line to neutral created by rapid changes in current within the converter. Capacitors will be rated as X1, X2, or X3 for their ability to withstand voltage transients on the AC line. Inductor L is a common mode or current compensated choke with two windings phased as shown. Common mode noise, created by rapid changes in voltage within the converter, from line and neutral to ground see the choke as a high impedance, with each CY capacitor diverting noise current to ground. The normal-running current through the two windings on the choke cause field cancellation in the core so that high inductance values can be used without fear of magnetic saturation. Often, L is wound with less-than-perfect coupling between the windings so that some leakage inductance is created, appearing as a separate series inductance which increases differential mode attenuation.
While CX can be any capacitance value within practical limits, the two CY values are limited by earth leakage current requirements. They are available in Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 types with decreasing rated operating and transient voltages. Leakage current through the Y capacitors is a potential problem as they bridge a safety barrier – line and neutral to ground. If the protective ground connection to equipment metalwork fails, the casing ‘floats’ up to line voltage through a Y capacitor and could cause an electric shock. These Y capacitor values are therefore limited to allow no more than a prescribed current to flow through the casing, an amount set by the standard used for the specific application environment. Limits can vary from tens of milliamps in industrial systems down to less than 10µA in cardiac floating healthcare applications.
Resistor R1 is a high value resistor, typically 1M ohm, there to discharge CX if the AC supply is abruptly removed and the load cannot be relied upon to drain that charge away, leaving a potentially dangerous voltage on the AC connector pins. Standards such as IEC 62368-1 for ITE and media equipment safety dictate that R1 should discharge the capacitor to less than 60V after two seconds for CX > 300nF (nano farad), with higher voltages allowed for CX < 300nF. Similarly, for equipment only accessible to trained personnel, the allowed voltage limits are higher.
Other standards are different, though. IEC 60601-1 for medical equipment, for example, requires discharge to less than 60V after one second but there is no requirement if CX is less than 100nF. Standards such as IEC 62368-1 also put requirements on the resistor to withstand transient voltages with no more than 10% deviation in resistance if the resistor is fitted before a fuse. Resistor R1 will therefore be a high specification part. In some applications, the power dissipated in R1 under normal conditions can limit its opportunity to be in compliance with limits for standby or no-load losses specified by bodies such as the US Department of Energy (DoE) and the European ErP directive.
The fuse shown in Figure 1 can be included in modular filters, particularly panel mount types such as the popular IEC320-C14 type (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Fused panel mount EMI filters such as this IEC320-C14 are popular modular filter options.
In commercial applications, a single fuse in the line is normal. If the fuse element is compliant with standards, it eases the specifications of downstream components such as R1 as mentioned. Some applications, such as medical devices and class II IT, require both line and neutral to be fused to cover the possibility of accidental connection reversal. A connection reversal, in a single fuse situation, would leave the live line unfused and reliant on upstream fuses or breakers in the supply opening when a short from live to protective earth occurs. But these upstream devices may be rated at a high current value to protect wiring for multiple loads and would not be guaranteed to open quickly for an equipment fault, potentially allowing a fire hazard. Double fusing does have the disadvantage, however, that a line to neutral over-current could open just the neutral fuse, leaving the equipment apparently dead but still with live connections inside.
The filter’s mechanical format is a natural starting point for the selection process. Mechanical variants are available as IEC inlets with screw or snap-in mounting with options for a switch and none, one, or two fuses, according to the application requirement. IEC inlet types are rated to 10A for C14 and 16A for C20, with chassis mount parts available to 20A and higher. Chassis mount filters, which typically have 6-sided shielding along with a direct fixing to conductive grounded metalwork, offer very effective EMI attenuation.
For all types, medical versions are available, which omit the Y capacitors to reduce leakage current to typically 5 µA maximum. This omission necessarily means that common mode attenuation is reduced and may need to be compensated for elsewhere, such as by cascading filters.
A filter’s rated current need can be easily calculated from the load power requirements given the lowest input voltage and load power factor. For example, a load on the filter that takes 200 W with a power factor of 0.9 at 90 VAC would draw a current of 200 W/ (0.9 x 90 VAC) = 2.47A. In this case, a 3A-rated filter may be chosen.
Choosing the attenuation required from a filter is best done by measuring system performance without a filter fitted, then calculating what extra is needed from an external filter to meet specifications. Attenuation curves in filter data sheets will give an indication of filter performance but bear in mind that the data sheet performance is under specified test conditions, typically 50-ohm source and load impedance. Although the AC source can be standardised with the use of a line impedance stabiliser network (LISN), the application load is likely to be very different from the data sheet’s test conditions.
A filter module cascaded with the internal filter in AC-DC power supplies can also cause unexpected results, with potential resonances occurring that can even cause amplification of EMI at critical frequencies. As an example, an EMI plot was taken from a typical AC-DC converter from XP Power, part PBR500PS12B, run at 230 VAC and 180 W shown in Figure 3. The plot shows good compliance with the EN 55032 curve B emissions limit line for quasi-peak detection. A filter was then inserted in the AC line, the XP Power FCSS06SFR, with the resulting attenuation characteristics shown in Figure 4. The dotted line is differential mode and the solid line common mode attenuation. The overall combined result is given in Figure 5.
Figure 3 This EMI plot for an AC-DC power supply with internal filter shows good compliance with the emission limits.
Figure 4 The EMI plot for modular filter type XP FCSS06SFR shows differential and common mode attenuation.
Figure 5 The AC-DC power supply of Figure 3 with external filter of Figure 4 added shows less total attenuation above 10 MHz than might be expected, demonstrating the need for confirmation measurements.
It can be seen that up to around 1 MHz, the filter attenuation drops emissions by the expected amount, but at 10 MHz and above, the improvement is not in line with expectations, signifying that the modular filter is not ‘seeing’ 50 ohms as a termination at these frequencies. It is giving lower attenuation than might be expected. This result confirms the necessity to make practical measurements to confirm compliance.
Getting EMC compliance right at the earliest stage is vital to avoiding costly failures at final product testing. The solution, however, is not simply using an oversized modular filter at the AC inlet, which can add unnecessary costs and even be counterproductive with unexpected attenuation results. Instead, designers should perform tests and take measurements to determine their actual filter needs for their application. Power supply manufacturers such as XP Power can help, offering a range of AC-DC power supply products with modular filters in versions tailored for ITE, industrial, and low-leakage medical applications, among others. Some even offer customers comprehensive application support for designs and complimentary use of their in-house EMC pre-compliance testing facilities.
Gary Bocock is the Technical Director at XP Power.
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